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001-es BibID:	BIBFORM135266
Első szerző:	Csunyó Noémi (közgazdász)
Cím:	The Interest Behind Cyber-Attacks Targeting Africa and Attributed to the Region: Analysing Chinese Influence Behind Cyber-Operations in Africa / Csunyó, Noémi
Dátum:	2026
ISSN:	3094-1717 2786-1902
Megjegyzések:	Over the past decade, the global importance of cybersecurity has steadily increased as states, companies and societies have become increasingly reliant on digital infrastructures. In parallel, Africa is undergoing a digital transformation, but this rapid growth is often not matched by adequate cybersecurity capabilities, making many states particularly vulnerable to cyber threats. In this rapidly changing environment, China's growing technological presence and expansion in Africa are noteworthy, not only in terms of economic and infrastructural support, but also in the form of a new type of digital influence. The primary objective of the research is to explore the types of technological and financial support China is providing to African countries in the digital sector, the extent to which and how this support is contributing to the development of African states' cyber capabilities. Within this context, the study also analyses the types and characteristics of cyber operations in the region, the possible underlying motivations, and the types of actors (statesponsored actors, cybercriminals or hacktivists) and their presence behind the attacks. The research will also seek to assess how China affects the digital sovereignty of African countries and its impact on security policy in the region.
Tárgyszavak:	Társadalomtudományok Regionális tudományok idegen nyelvű folyóiratközlemény hazai lapban folyóiratcikk China Africa influence cyber digitalisation
Megjelenés:	Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies. - 5 : 4 (2026), p. 32-53. -
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001-es BibID:	BIBFORM078024
Első szerző:	Orosz Ágnes (közgazdász)
Cím:	The impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on the public spending devoted to social protection in the EU / Ágnes Orosz
Dátum:	2018
ISSN:	2068-651X 2068-6633
Megjegyzések:	This paper analyses the trends of general government expenditures in the European Union. Government expenditure has increased considerably in all industrialized countries since 1870. Although this increase has not been equal in all countries, it is nevertheless remarkable that despite institutional differences, growing public spending has been a general phenomenon. The long-term trends of general public spending in the European Union shows us that, after a short period of decreasing general government expenditure, any external economic shock might significantly increase public spending. During the analysed time periods the highest share of public spending is devoted to social protection. Well-functioning systems of social protection increase spending in times of recession, and scale it back as the economy recovers, therefore the welfare state can operate as an effective "automatic stabilizer". The paper also tests which EU member states' welfare systems have been able to function as an automatic stabilizer.
Tárgyszavak:	Társadalomtudományok Közgazdaságtudományok idegen nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban general government expenditures social protection automatic stabilizer function
Megjelenés:	Eastern Journal of European Studies. - 9 : 2 (2018), p. 187-203. -
Pályázati támogatás:	PACSDOP-2.1.2-CCHOP-15 Egyéb
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