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001-es BibID:BIBFORM133115
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:A vajdai oktavális ítélőszék a középkori Erdélyben / W. Kovács András
Dátum:2025
ISSN:2393-4328 2734-7974
Megjegyzések:The Octave Tribunal of the Voivode in Medieval Transylvania Since the second half of the 13th century, the voivode, the high royal ruler appointed to rule Transylvania, and his deputy, the vice-voivode, held a judicial court in S©antimbru, a settlement in the county of Alba, on the right bank of the Mure? River. During the Árpád dynasty, the voivodes of Transylvania were several times also counts (comites) of the Alba County, and the judgment of the two here can be linked to this function. In the beginning, occasionally, the voivode also sat in judgment at S©antimbru, but after 1339, almost exclusively the vice-voivode presided the judicial court there. In the 14th century, the hearings of the cases at the court began on the octaves of more important religious feasts. The octave could mean either the eighth day of the feast or a longer period. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, the octaval court was held on the octaves of some notable feasts, but from the second decade of the 15th century onwards, only on the octaves of four of them: Epiphany, St George's Day, the Nativity of St. John the Baptist and Michaelmas, most likely with the personal participation of the vicevoivode. After 1412 there were no more voivodes' assemblies (congregations) held in Turda (Turda county; a judicial forum that operated at irregular intervals), and between 1431 and 1440 the octaval court of the vicevoivodes moved to Turda. After 1421, the congregations were gradually resumed. Afterwards, until 1464, the two voivodal tribunals, the octaval court and the congregations, were occasions when almost exclusively the vicevoivode sat in judgment. After 1465 the documents of the octaval court were issued in the names of the voivodes (except for the period 1477?1479, when again the vicevoivodes appeared in the superscriptions of the documents). After the period between 1442 and 1464, when Magister Nicholas, the protonotary of Transylvania, was active, we do not find such an official in Transylvania. Until 1464, the Transylvanian protonotaries were primarily involved in chancellery-related activities and did not participate in judicial activities. Between 1465 and 1515, the voivodes no longer had a permanent Transylvanian protonotary. Between 1473 and 1478, the protonotary Michael Debrétei, a native from outside Transylvania, worked in the court seats that were held, and in the following period, protonotaries from the royal court were sent. Their participation in the octaval tribunal is attested from 1493 onwards: Adam Liszkai (1493?1496), protonotary of the royal personal presence, Francis Marócsai (1499?1501), formerly protonotary of the vicepalatine, and Stephen Verbőci, protonotary of the judge royal (1502?1515). They, respectively their subordinates, performed judicial work at the octaval tribunal, not the voivodes. The protonotaries sent from the royal court were accompanied on their Transylvanian journeys by notaries also sent from there. All this indicates that the justice of the province was subject to central control. Protonotaries and notaries were sent to Transylvania not only at the octaval courts, but sometimes also at the general assemblies of the voivodes and for the settlement of important matters (e.g. introductions into some important domains, settlement of border disputes). Octaval courts became much rarer after 1465, for example between 1466 and 1472 they did not take place at all. On a few occasions (1482, 1487) the octaval court was held in T©argu Mure? (seat of Mure?), and from 1493 onwards it was held in Cluj (Cluj county) and remained there. (In 1494, on the occasion of the king's visit to Transylvania, the octaval court was held, exceptionally at Sibiu (Sibiu seat). In the period up to 1526, the last voivodal octaval court was held in 1519. This court was presided over by the protonotary of Transylvania, Paul Barcsai, who had been active in this capacity since 1516. At the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century, the vice-voivod and 11 other prominent Transylvanian nobles attended the octaval tribunal as assessors (1499, 1514, 1519). Due to the work of the protonotaries and notaries sent to Transylvania, the same chancery notes appeared in the voivode's acts issued on the occasion of the octaval sessions of the court, especially after 1493 (starting with Liszkai's work), as in the issues of the courts of the royal court. At the beginning of the 16th century a new official appeared in the voi-vode's documents, the secretary, the head of the voivode's chancellery. It was only after the appointment of the first Transylvanian protonotary that he was able to free himself from judicial work. Summonses were issued for a long time for the nearest octave, then the trials were postponed from one octave to another. In 1458, in Hungary, the short summons was introduced on the 32nd day (one month) in cases of violent trespasses, but in Transylvania, in the absence of a permanent court and a protonotary, this practice did not spread. Short-term summonses were issued for various terms, and in addition to cases of violent trespasses, there were also cases of renewed lawsuits, of landed possessions and of the possessions of heirless nobles, which reverted to the king. Cases judged at the octaval courts could be appealed to the royal court. In the second half of the 15th century, the lawsuit usually reached the court of the king's personal presence, and after 1500 to that of the judge royal. The above study is supplemented by the archontology of the voivodal chancellery, the list of notaries who participated in the octaval courts, and a table containing the dates and venues of the octaval court sessions (1465-1526).
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Transylvania
Middle Ages
voivodal and vicevoivodal courts
chancellerynotes
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 12 (2025), p. 181-254. -
Pályázati támogatás:Bolyai János Kutatási Ösztöndíj
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2.

001-es BibID:BIBFORM125753
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:Az erdélyi tartománygyűlésekről : Középkor végi adatok / W. Kovács, András
Dátum:2024
ISSN:2393-4328 2734-7974
Megjegyzések:This study analyses several aspects of the organization of general assemblies (congregatio gen-eralis) in the Voivodate of Transylvania between 1479?1526. The first part of the study, dealing with the period 1416?1479, appeared in the previous volume of this yearbook (Certamen, vol. X. 2023. 253?299). General congregations were traditionally convened and presided over by the voivode of Transylvania (or, in his absence, by the vicevoivode). In 1494, on the occasion of his visit to Transylvania, King Vladislav II himself held a congregation in Sibiu. In 1496, a delega-tion of the Transylvanian nobility sent to Buda obtained permission from the king to hold assem-blies (congregatio) or meetings (conventio) even in the absence of the voivode or vicevoivode, on condition that they remained loyal to the sovereign and the 'Holy Crown' of Hungary. In 1506, the three privileged groups of Transylvania (the nobility, the Székely and the Saxons) held an assembly in Sighi?oara on their own initiative (at which it was decided to set up a permanent court). In the era discussed, with the exception of the period 1504?1507, the Transylvanian voi-vodes also held the office of comes of the Székely. For this reason, besides Turda, the traditional place of noble assemblies, most assemblies took place in T©argu Mure?. Other congregations were held in Cluj, Sibiu, Media?, Sighi?oara, Bra?ov, Aiud, Iernut, Buza. General assemblies, also called diets (dieta) in this period, were mainly judicial assemblies of the nobles of the Transylva-nian counties, and were sometimes attended by representatives of the Székely and the Saxons. The purpose of the convocation is unknown in most cases. On several occasions, the proclama-tions of orders addressed to the Transylvanians by the king are mentioned, as well as the need to take measures to defend the province. The study publishes in an appendix the list of assemblies from 1479?1510, as well as an addition to the already published list of assemblies from 1511?1526. It includes the date and place of the meetings, the participants present and, if known, the purpose of the convocation. The list includes the assemblies held for the Székely as a privileged group (sometimes also attended by representatives of the nobility), but not the more restricted assemblies held only for one of the Székely seats. Similarly, it does not contain the assemblies, most of them judicial, of the Saxons, usually held in Sibiu, which were never attended by the nobles or by the Székely. Since at least some of the assemblies can be linked to measures taken for the organisation of defences or to troop mobilisations, the list also contains mobilisation or-ders (however, it needs to be mentioned that those addressed to the nobility have not been pre-served from this period). We also publish two voivodal orders to summon assemblies, addressed to the city of Sibiu and the seven Saxon seats in 1498 and 1504, respectively.
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 11 (2024), p. 213-248. -
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3.

001-es BibID:BIBFORM118426
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:A 15. századi erdélyi tartománygyűlésekről. I. (1416-1479) / W. Kovács András
Dátum:2023
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 10 (2023), p. 253-299. -
Pályázati támogatás:BO/00522/20/2
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4.

001-es BibID:BIBFORM085178
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:A kolozsvári Szent Erzsébet-ispotály levéltárának középkori oklevelei / W. Kovács András
Dátum:2016
ISSN:2393-4328
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 3 (2016), p. 253-260. -
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5.

001-es BibID:BIBFORM085162
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:Vármegyei jegyzőkönyv és vármegyei pecsét a középkori Erdélyben? / W. Kovács András
Dátum:2017
ISSN:2393-4328
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 4 (2017), p. 271-285. -
Pályázati támogatás:NKFIH 119430
Egyéb
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6.

001-es BibID:BIBFORM085157
Első szerző:Kovács András (történettudomány)
Cím:A Wass család cegei levéltára : Lappangó középkori oklevelek a nagyszebeni Brukenthal-gyűjteményben : Levéltártörténeti adatok / W. Kovács András
Dátum:2015
ISSN:2393-4328
Tárgyszavak:Bölcsészettudományok Történelemtudományok magyar nyelvű folyóiratközlemény külföldi lapban
folyóiratcikk
Megjelenés:Certamen. - 2 (2015), p. 194-216. -
Pályázati támogatás:K 78324
OTKA
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